Form Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Form - Case Study Example Furthermore, technological advancement and economies of scale necessitates the need to apply project management skills and know if quality services and goods are to be delivered to the customers. Shell is an American based company that specializes in oil and petrochemical product. It is a company that has an excellent record in its provision of goods services not only in America but also other countries around the world. Part of the success of the company especially considering its scale of operation can be attributed to excellent project managers with outstanding project management skills. Project managers at Shell follow a specific pattern of ensuring maximum profits and quality delivery of goods and services. The first initiative is the project estimation process. Undertaking this activity enables the managers to determine the feasibility of a particular project by considering resourcing and expenditure. Prior knowledge of such enables the managers to know it the project is worth undertaking. Information on resource capability proves critical to the success of the business. Analysis of resource capability of a project equips the managers with the necessary skills to improve productivity of the business and be able to manage customer expectation. Such a scenario would ensure that whoever is seeking services from such a company would not be disappointed as one gets what is promised. Project planning is the other crucial factor in project management. It enables the concerned parties to organize projects in cases of large organizations and also the various activities within a project. Project planning requires careful analysis of the situation putting into consideration uncertainties that may affect the cost and timely completion of the project. Improvement of budget and cost control proves vital to the success of a business. Project managers at Shell scrutinize minor details of an existing business and upcoming projects. Such an activity would ensure that

Hematology Report Essay Example for Free

Hematology Report Essay The term comes from a Greek word â€Å"glukus† which means sweet. It is an organic compound, a simple sugar (monosaccharide) with a chemical formula C6H12O6, which occurs widely in most tissues of plants and animals. A major source of energy in the body, glucose is the principal circulating sugar. It is also knows as D-glucose, D-glucopyranose, grape sugar, corn sugar, dextrose, and cerelose. Glucose, whether in free or combined form, is the most common of the sugars and the most abundant organic compound in nature. Grapes, figs, and other sweet fruits and honey had been found to have considerably high concentration content. It is also found, although in lesser concentrations, in animal body fluids such as in the blood and lymph. Urine of diabetic patients usually contains 3-5 %. Absorbed into the bloodstream through the small intestine, it is carried through the portal vein to the liver wherein it is stored as glycogen. The rest reenters to the circulatory system. Glycogen is also stored in the muscle tissue (See â€Å"Glucose†) †¢ Catalyst for: a major contributor in metabolism. †¢ Disorders/Diseases: 1. High Levels: diabetes mellitus ? It is characterized by high levels of blood sugar (glucose), caused from defects in insulin secretion or action, or even both. In normal conditions, blood glucose levels are highly controlled by insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas. Insulin helps lower the glucose level in the blood. In diabetic patients, the absence or insufficient production of insulin causes hyperglycemia. Although diabetes can be controlled, it is a chronic medical condition, which lasts a lifetime (See â€Å"What is diabetes? †) 2. Low Levels: hypoglycemia ? This disorder occurs when glucose levels falls too low resulting in the malfunction of cells. Symptoms develop such as cool skin, nervousness, headache, confusion, convulsion or even coma. Control of its level and metabolism is greatly important. 2. ) Urea Nitrogen (BUN) †¢ Definition: Urea is formed in the liver. It is a nitrogen-containing substance, which is normally cleared into the urine from the blood by the kidney. This was the first organic chemical compound that was synthesized. Friedrich Wohler, a German chemist, who accidentally made urea while in the process of attempting to make ammonium cyanate from silver cyanide and ammonium chloride (See â€Å"Definition of Urea†). It is a small organic molecule composed of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen and is formed from ammonia in the kidney and liver (See â€Å"What is Urea†). †¢ BUN: stands for Blood Urea Nitrogen This is a test that is used to measure the levels of urea in the blood. When diseases occur in the kidney, which comprises its function will frequently lead to increased level in the blood. The BUN level in the blood can also rise among patients who are dehydrated. Urea nitrogen is a waste product of protein metabolism in the blood. This is a test that measures how much urea nitrogen remains in the blood that can be used as a test of renal function. Nevertheless, there are many factors aside from renal disease that can cause BUN alterations, including protein breakdown, hydration status and liver failure. Reference values of BUN: Adult: 7-20 mg/100 ml (men may have slightly higher values than women) Newborn: values slightly lower than adult ranges Elderly: value slightly increase due to lack of renal concentration Pregnancy: values decrease about 25% *Values differ slightly from laboratory to laboratory for all tests †¢ Catalyst for: the breakdown of protein during tissue metabolism †¢ Disorders/Diseases: Diseases or malfunction concerning the kidney often lead to increased blood levels of urea. 1. High Levels: azotemia ? Possible causes: o Dehydration o Impaired renal function o Stress o Shock o Congestive heart failure as a result of poor renal perfusion o Excessive protein intake o Hemorrhage into the gastrointestinal tract 2. Low Levels: A low BUN may have little significance but can cause liver problems. A decreased BUN may be caused by over hydration. A person with â€Å"syndrome of inappropriate anti-diuretic secretion (SIADH), an anti-diuretic hormone responsible for stimulating the kidney to conserve water causes high level of water retention in the bloodstream rather than excreted into the urine. SIADH can raise the BUN level, while important substances decrease because of the significant increase of fluid in the bloodstream. A decrease BUN level may be seen in: malnutrition, liver failure, over hydration, impaired nutrient absorption, anabolic steroid use (See â€Å"Blood Urea Nitrogen BUN†). Urea itself is non-toxic. 3). Creatinine †¢ Definition: A creatine anhydride with chemical formula of C4H7N3O, is formed by the metabolism of creatine. Creatine is found in muscle tissue and blood; it is excreted as a metabolic waste in the urine (See â€Å"Creatinine†). A small amount is actively secreted and mainly filtered by the kidney. There is tubular reabsorption of creatinine but compensated by almost the same degree of tubular secretion. Creatinine is a chemical waste molecule, generated from muscle metabolism. About 2% of the body’s creatine is converted to creatinine every day. It is transported through the bloodstream to the kidneys. It is produced at a steady rate. Diet or normal physical activities have little effect on creatinine level. A malfunction of the kidney can decrease its level in the urine while raising its level in the blood (See â€Å"Creatinine and Creatinine Clearance†). †¢ Catalyst for: despite of being a waste, creatinine is vital for diagnostic function It is a reliable indicator of kidney function. †¢ Disorder/Diseases: 1. High Levels: This indicates a possible malfunction or failure of the kidneys. As the kidneys become impaired, creatinine level will rise. A high level suggests the following conditions of the kidney: -damage or swelling of the blood vessels in the kidneys known as glomerulonephritis. Prostate disease, kidney stone or urinary tract obstruction Reduced blood flow to the kidney 2. Low Levels: It is a rare occurrence that low level of creatinine would appear, and are not usually a cause for concern. Low levels of creatinine can be seen with conditions that results in decreased muscle mass (See â€Å"Creatinine: The Test†). Low creatinine is seen in some severe liver diseases as it is also seen in debilitation (See â€Å"Low Protein Diet Information for People with Kidney Diseases†) Normal level for: Adult males: approximately 0. 6 to 1. 2 milligrams (mg) per deciliter (dl) Adult females: 0. 5 to 1. 1 milligrams per deciliter Elderly: may have less creatinine in their blood than the norm Infants: 0. 2 or more depending on their muscle development Person w/ one kidney: 1. 8 or 1. 9 Creatinine levels that reach 2. 0 or more in babies and 10. 0 or more in adults may need to use a dialysis machine in order to remove wastes from the blood (See â€Å"Definition of Creatinine†). References: 1. â€Å"Glucose†. http://www. answers. com/topic/glucose 2. â€Å"What is diabetes? †. http://www. medicinenet. com/diabetes_mellitus/article. htm 3. â€Å"Definition of Urea†. http://www. medterms. com/script/main/art. asp? articlekey=5905 4. â€Å"What is Urea†. http://cahpwww. vet. upenn. edu/mun/mun_info. html 5. â€Å"Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN). http://www. rnceus. com/renal/renalbun. html 6. â€Å"Creatinine†. American Heritage dictionaries. http://www. answers. com/topic/creatinine 7. â€Å"Creatinine and Creatinine Clearance†. http://www. webmd. com/hw/lab_tests/hw4322. asp 8. â€Å"Creatinine: The Test†. http://www. labtestsonline. org/understanding/analytes/creatinine/test. html 9. â€Å"Low Protein Diet Information for People with Kidney Diseases†. http://www. geocities. com/HotSprings/Spa/3265/lowp. html 10. See â€Å"Definition of Creatinine†. http://www. medterms. com/script/main/art. asp? articlekey=12550 4. ) BUN/Creatinin ratio: †¢ Definition: BUN-to-creatinine ratio= 10:1-201 (over 12 months of age) =Up to 30:1 (infants less than 12 months of age) (See â€Å"Blood Urea Nitrogen†) http://www. bchealthguide. org/kbase/topic/medtest/aa36271/results. htm †¢ Disorder/Diseases: High Level: High ratios occur with acute kidney failure, which could be caused by conditions such as shock or severe dehydration Low Level: Can be associated with a diet low in protein, and severe muscle injury called rhabdomyolysis, pregnancy, cirrhosis, inadequate antidiuretic hormone secretion. (See â€Å"BUN/Creatinine ratio) http://www. thedoctorslounge. net/nephrology/forums/backup/topic-6481. html 5. ) Sodium: †¢ Definition: Sodium is deposited largely in the blood and in the fluid in the space surrounding the cells in our body. It is important in maintaining a normal fluid balance by all cells. †¢ Catalyst for: plays a key role in normal nerve and muscle function. †¢ Disorder/Disease: Healthy kidneys must have a consistent amount of sodium in the body. Excess amount is excreted in the urine. When the amount of sodium intake and loss are not in balance, the amount of water in the blood is affected.

Development of Alcohol Sensor for Pharmaceutical Products

Development of Alcohol Sensor for Pharmaceutical Products 1.0Â  Title Development of alcohol sensor for detection of alcohol content in pharmaceutical products 2.0Â  Introduction Over the years, alcohol is being used widely in various number of industries. Alcohol poisoning and inflammation may happen whenever the alcohol concentration exceeds the toxic level for the living creatures. Nowadays, alcohol abuse is one of the worldwide social problems and has become a public sanitation issue. Hence, the preventative pathways must be taken so that the toxicological and psychological effects can be avoided. It is essential to come with a safer, low cost, fast, sensitive and selective analytical method in order to determine the amount of alcohol content in any samples tested. As pharmaceutical products are the essential part in our daily life nowadays, hence, designing the analytical methods for detection of alcohol content in this products is very important, especially for the prevention of consuming the chemically unsafe products. Various of analytical methods have been used to determine the alcohol concentration during the years. Some techniques may come with their own advantages and even drawbacks. The discovered disadvantages can be overcome by producing a utilization of enzymatic methods. The enzymes will catalyses almost all the transformation of the chemical that exist during the cell metabolism. Moreover, the chemical analysis can be done more efficiently as the nature and specificity of the enzyme catalytic activities. The external addition of the cofactor also helps a lot with the alcohol sensor designed. 3.0Â  Literature Review 3.1Â  Alcohol dehydrogenase Alcohol dehydrogenase is being applied as the bioselective compounds in alcohol biosensors. This enzyme is essential in catalyzing the reversible oxidation process occurred for the primary aliphatic and the aromatic alcohols, but not for methanol. The process that took place is based on the Equation (1). RCH2OH + NAD+ ↔ ADHRCHO + NADH + H+ (1) When compared with the alcohol oxidase-based alcohol biosensor, alcohol dehydrogenase-based are more stable and explicit. However, the exterior addition of the co-enzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is needed by this type of biosensors. Furthermore, the added cofactor requires to be close to the enzyme and it must not irreversibly combined or entrapped (Azevedo et al., 2005). The combination of electrogenerated chemiluminescence ethanol biosensor and the alcohol oxidase enzymatic reaction is practised for detecting the ethanol in the several subject materials tested (Jia et al., 2009). Hence, it is essential for a biosensor to exhibiting significant reproducibility and stability. It is a requirement for the alcohol biosensor having a great potential for the usage in other biological assays and able to determine variety of substrates. 3.2 Alcohol Oxidase Known as an oligomeric enzyme, alcohol oxidases have eight identical monomers arranged in a quasi-cubic arrangement. Each sub-units of this arrangement are holding a strongly bounded cofactor which is flavin-adenine dinucleotide (FAD) molecule (Vonck van Bruggen, 1990). This enzyme is associated in the methanol oxidation pathway of methylotrophic yeasts. Besides involving in the methanol oxidation, alcohol oxidase also oxidises the short-chain alcohols like ethanol, propanol and butanol (Azevedo et al., 2005). Going through the oxidase-catalysed reaction, the ways to follow the reaction is by measuring the decline in O2 tension or the elevation in H2O2 concentration. Alcohol oxidation catalysed by this enzyme is an irreversible mechanism as O2 has a strong oxidising characteristic. The reaction requires alcohol oxidase and utilizing molecular oxygen (O2) as an electron acceptor, referring to Equation (2) (Azevedo et al., 2005). Alcohol Oxidase RCH2OH + O2 RCHO + H2O2(2) The characteristics of this form alcohol biosensor acts as a finer alternative to other determination methods in detecting the ethanol for various types of sample material tested, such as in pharmaceutical products nowadays (Kuswandi et al., 2014). It will be a great improvement if the enzymatic reaction occurred is able to be monitored optically so that the alcohol presence can be detected by the naked eye. Hence, a better quality of alcohol biosensor can be made. 3.3O2 Detection According to the Equation (1), the consumption of oxygen can be monitored by the alcohol oxidase sensors. The monitoring is done subject to the electrochemical detection principles and by the optical detection (Azevedo et al., 2005). The enzyme-catalysed reaction will be able to generate the optical or visual determination of alcohol based on the oxidation or reduction of H2O2. Hence, the use of optical membrane or a film is required so that it will be more efficient to monitor the reaction. Next, the O2 tension can be detected readily. 3.3.1Electrochemical detection Monitoring of O2 is generally done based on a Clark-type O2 electrode, which consists of a platinum cathode and a reference electrode, sunk in an electrolyte solution and a semi-permeable membrane covering it, so that O2 will be able to diffuse through (Azevedo et al., 2005). Equation (4) shows an example of the reduction process of oxygen while proportionally producing a current. Ag anode, 4Ag + 4Cl → 4AgCl + 4e(3) Pt cathode, O2 + 4H+ + 4e → 2H2O(4) Commonly, oxygen probes-based ethanol sensors have a membrane covering the Clark-type electrode, where alcohol oxidase is immobilised. The difference between the base oxygen level and the level after oxygen concentration decreases due to the enzymatic reaction will be shown as the electrode signal output. It is clearly showed that there will be no electrochemical interference comes from other sample elements. Nevertheless, the accuracy and reproducibility of the sensor may be lessened due to its oxygen dependency basis of the measurement. Hence, a low response is obtained, causes by the high value of the minimum detectable concentration of the oxygen due to the high background signal (Bott, 1998). However, the new alternative can be utilized to overcome the flaws is by using H2O2 detection. 3.3.2Â  Optical detection The developing of alcohol sensors has built up the fluorescence-based sensors. It works based on the enhancement of the fluorescence or other certain compounds quenching, including malachite green, fluorescent dyes and even ligands towards the alcohol disclosure. Besides that, the immobilisation of alcohol oxidase onto the oxygen sensor coated with an oxygen sensitive ruthenium organic complex is done to construct an optical bio-sniffer for ethanol vapours. Moreover, co-immobilisation of alcohol oxidase and oxygen sensitive dyes is designed to assemble the other optical sensors (Azevedo et al., 2005). 3.4Â  Detection of H2O2 3.4.1Â  Electrochemical methods 3.4.1.1Â  Amperometric detection H2O2 which is formed by alcohol oxidase enzymatic reaction can be identified electrochemically with amperometric electrodes. The detection is done either by measuring the anodic or cathodic response, which showing the oxidation and reduction of H2O2 at the working electrode surface correspondingly. As shown by Equation (5), the enzymatic reaction will result the oxidation of H2O2. H2O2 → O2 + 2H+ + 2e(5) Nonetheless, H2O2 is electroactive too at the negative potentials, according to Equation (6). H2O2 + 2e + 2H+ → 2H2O (6) These reactions are not discovered on oxygen probes based on the Clark electrode, due to the electrode surface is covered by an oxygen membrane, which is not permeable to H2O2 and mostly other compounds. Lately, by using other immobilisation procedures, carbon paste electrodes (CPE) and screen-printed electrodes are being developed (Azevedo et al., 2005). The most significant advantage of H2O2 electrode based sensor is easy to construct the sensor in small size besides having a high upper linearity and a wider linear range. In contrast, the presence of reducing compounds in any real sample matrices will be oxidised too, hence will causes the electrochemical interference to occur. Besides that, slower responses are observed too. Finally, the electrode with an electrocatalyst species is needed to be modified for both the reduction and oxidation of H2O2 so that the required applied potential can be decreased. 3.4.1.2Â  Potentiometric detection The potentiometric biosensor is constructed by co-immobilising alcohol oxidase and horseradish peroxidase in the surface of a fluoride-sensitive electrolyte isolator semiconductor capacitor chip. The capacitance will change if there is any presence of ethanol and p-fluoraniline (Menzel et al., 1995). Si/SiO2/Si3N4/LaF3 layers utilized in the fluoride-sensitive biosensor, are able to determine the ethanol concentration in the time of the on-line monitoring of different bioprocesses, according to reactions (7) and (8) (Azevedo et al., 2005). Alcohol Oxidase Ethanol + O2 Acetaldehyde + H2O2 (7) Horseradish Peroxidase H2O2 + p-fluoraniline F + H2O + aniline-derivative polymers(8) 3.4.2Â  Spectroscopic methods To detect the H2O2 production by alcohol oxidase during the ethanol oxidation, few methods can be benefited. Colorimetric methods which are based on the chromogen substrate conversion into a coloured product will absorb in the visible spectral region. Next, fluorescent methods are due to the production of fluorophore product and being stimulated with a shorter wavelength radiation before emitting a visible light. Then, chemiluminescence works by the emission of visible light upon chemical reaction (Azevedo et al., 2005). The methods being chosen must be fast, cheap, sensitive, reliable, stable and undergo continuous analysis methods with a high sample. The numbers of variety types of analytical techniques are flow analysis, segmented flow analysis, flow-injection analysis and liquid chromatographic analysis. 3.5Â  Immobilisation techniques Many ways are being implemented to immobilise enzymes while designing the biosensors. The enzymes are able to be immobilised by physical adsorption or covalently attached to the insoluble matrices, by cross-linking which employing the bifunctional reagent or by entrapment into the membranes or polymeric films. 3.5.1Â  Enzyme modified electrodes There are numbers of approaches in order to implement the physical combination of immobilised enzymes and the electrodes. 3.5.1.1 Membrane electrodes Immobilising the enzymes on a membrane is the most popular techniques being used for the biosensors. This cannot be beaten by other methods since it is easy to construct and its simplicity. Enzyme immobilisation is done by sandwiching the particular enzyme between the electrode and the membrane. The improved procedures used may lead to a higher enzyme activity and a greater stability (Nanjo Guilbault, 1975). As a protective retention layer, a membrane prevents electrochemically interfering compounds from touching the electrode surface. This is due to the presence of the charged groups on the membrane surface and the exclusion of size. Besides that, the covered electrode are protected because the membrane used is impermeable to most substances (Boujtita et al., 2000). Furthermore, covering the enzyme electrode with a membrane has variety of purposes such as producing the diffusion barrier between enzyme and the substrate. This also enables the prevention of a swamping effect whenever the substrate concentration is high. At the same time, a linear response to the concentration is also allowed. 3.5.1.2Â  Carbon paste electrodes By mixing an electrically conducting graphite or carbon powder with a pasting liquid, the carbon paste electrodes is able to be prepared. The examples of pasting liquid being used are mineral oil, silicon oil paraffin oil. Enzymes involved are incorporated within the paste or previously immobilised on the graphite powder by adsorption or covalently bonded. In addition, some additives are added to the paste so that the sensitivity and the storage and operational stability of the sensor can be improved (Azevedo et al., 2005). 3.5.1.3Â  Self-assembled monolayers This form of technique is implemented by sequentially self-depositing the transducing and biocatalytic modules by adsorption through electrostatic interactions. Two different catalytic layers which consist of alcohol oxidase, a modified horseradish peroxidase and electrochemical interface are sequentially and rationally deposited. Next, supramolecular structures are produced and connect catalytic reactions, substrate and product diffusion and heterogeneous electron transfer steps readily (Azevedo et al., 2005). 3.5.1.4Â  Screen-printed electrodes Screen-printed electrodes consist of a polyester substrate and a three electrodes system. The electrodes also containing fabrication of alcohol oxidase immobilized in a poly(carbamoyl)sulfonate hydrogel using poly(ethylene glycol)diglycidyl ether (Patel et al.,2001). This type of electrode system is a low cost screen-printed electrode. 3.5.2Â  Immobilised enzyme reactors The most significant benefit of the usage of enzyme immobilized reactor is producing the great quantity of enzyme that are able to be immobilise and even in micro reactors. This will allow the equilibrium of the reaction that occurred to be attained besides capable of completing the substrate conversion. Moreover, the operational stability of the sensor is enhanced. It is stated that any small alterations in flow rate, temperature, pH, ionic strength and the activators and inhibitors presence will deflate the effect on final signal (Gorton et al., 1991). Bioreactors that are used with immobilised alcohol oxidase exist in different types, generally packed bed, rotating bioreactor and open-tube reactors. Usually the packed bed reactor is implemented with immobilised alcohol oxidase. This form of bioreactor integrates a flow analysis system with electrochemical or spectrometric detection (KÃ ¼nnecke Schmid, 1990). Commonly, rotating bioreactor also used immobilised alcohol oxidase with the electrochemical detection of H2O2. The rotation will enable the presence of circumvent diffusional constrains in the low-dimensional spaces like around the active sites of the enzymes (Matsumoto Waki, 1999). For covalently immobilised enzyme, controlled pore glass is usually utilized for solid support purpose. It is a macro-porous high-silica glass acquired from the alkali-borosilicate glass. Alkali-borosilicate glass is came with the fine mechanical properties and is able to designed with broader porosities and pore size range. Furthermore, it can be adjusted with several reagents so that other functionalities can be proposed (Azevedo et al., 2005). Currently, the optimisation of enzyme immobilisation is done to produce better stability to the controlled pore glass preparations of alcohol oxidase. 4.0Â  Problem Statements The purpose of this study is to determine the right method for detection of alcohol concentration in the pharmaceutical product samples. Alcohol is the substance that present in more than 500 medication products and is found in concentrations up to 68 percent. This may causes negative effects towards the patients that are consuming the products, such as for the patient under treatment with central nervous system depressants or other substances that interact with alcohol. Drug addictionand habituationmay happen and it is formerly known that all drugs haveside effects. It is an essential step to developing a right and efficient method in determining the alcohol content in these pharmaceutical products before approving the production of them into the industry range. 5.0Â  Objectives These are few objectives that have been identified in order to deal up with the problem statement and carried out the research on alcohol content detection content in the pharmaceutical products. Study of methods in determining the alcohol concentration in the samples tested. Study of enzymatic reactions involve during the alcohol detection analysis. Study of advantages and disadvantages for different techniques in the alcohol content determination.

The Joy of Winning Essay -- Narrative Memoir Essays

The Joy of Winning   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "Oh my God!" was exclaimed into my right ear and resonated above everyone in the room. My heart was thumping because I wasn't exactly sure what was happening. I wasn't excited to be going or even pleased. All I could think about was, "What did I get myself into? I shouldn't be here, I don't deserve this."   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It all began on one of the most disastrous bus rides I have ever experienced that doesn't include a wreck. I was going to Grand Junction for the Western Slope Science Fair. I didn't even care about what I was about to do. I knew my information well enough just to get through the day. Then the storm hit us. I looked out the front window of the bus and peered out into the ferocious blizzard. The heater was not working on the right side window. On top of not being able to see, we had just hit a construction area where I wasn't sure what could be on the road.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   An hour later than expected, we got out of the bus and headed for the auditorium where we were to set up our projects. After sprinting inside to keep my board protected from the elements, I walked with my fellow participants and set up my project. I didn't care at all about how good my project appeared in the eyes of the judges.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   After I had set up, I got ready to go to lunch, since most of my companions were ready to eat. We all went down to Mesa Mall's Food Court where I had sausage pizza that had grease dripping down onto the plate. After I was finished eating, my friend Jimmy had to buy a CD, so we flew down to the FYE Music Emporium. As we ran out to the bus to go back, a hailstorm picked up. The hail felt like a thousand needles striking me at the same time and there was no way that I could open my eyes completely.... ...fifth, but when that went by, I knew it was not meant to be. Third place went to the guy next to me that the judges liked so much.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The announcer then went through a long speech explaining what the top two places meant. He said how they got to go to the International Science and Engineering fair in Louisville, Kentucky. He called my name to go up to receive second place for going to the International Science and Engineering Fair, but I received first at the Western Slope Science Fair.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "Oh my God!" was echoed through the room and I couldn't believe that I was walking up to the stage. This wasn't right because I shouldn't get the award, or should I? I knew the answer as soon as it was placed in my hand. It was going to be a long ride, but I deserved every bit of it. I had shown the judges that I knew what I was doing and was confident at all times.

Classroom Rules Essay

One of the biggest challenges teachers face is in creating classroom rules. Too many, or too much detail, and students may feel overwhelmed. Too few, and a classroom can deteriorate into chaos. While the exact rules you need depend on the grade level and your students, here are the top 10 rules you probably should have in your classroom. 10. Treat your classmates with respect This is a broad rule, so consider having this as part of your classroom mission statement, as well as a rule. Involve the students in defining this classroom rule by asking them for examples of behaviors that support or violate this rule. 9. Come to class with the right materials Unprepared students waste precious classroom time looking for pencils, getting second copies of assignments or borrowing books, so this rule is important to having a successful classroom. If your students might not have access to needed school supplies, or if family situations make it difficult to arrive prepared, you may need to modify this classroom rule to include visits to an in-room supply cabinet at the start of the school day. 8. Use polite language Teaching children to avoid name calling, swear words and derogatory terms is a critical aspect of teaching today. Make sure your students know that hateful or crude language will not be tolerated in your classroom. 7. Respect school and personal property Students need to learn that other people’s property is not fair game. Making and enforcing rules against taking, using or damaging personal or school property will help students learn respect and boundaries – essential skills for life. 6. Allow others to talk without interrupting Listening skills are important for students of all ages. Including this in your classroom rules gives you the opportunity to point out both good example of respectful listening, and correct problems. 5. Use indoor voices Most of us heard this rule at home, but sometimes it can be forgotten in the excitement when other children are around. Usually a simple reminder is all a child needs to bring the volume down. 4. Do your own work A rule requiring students to do their own work includes prohibitions against cheating, having other people complete assignments or plagiarizing reports. Helping students understand why these behaviors hurt them might make this rule easier to enforce. 3. Ask for help when you need it For many students, asking for help is like admitting they’re stupid. Making it a classroom rule removes this stigma, opening the door for students to get the assistance they need. 2. Laugh with people, but never at anyone Bullying can take many forms, but laughing at another student is one of the most overlooked. This classroom rule is a great way to make students aware of how painful a small action can be. 1. Never hit, push, injure or threaten another student Of all the essential classroom rules, making your school safe from violence is the most important. And sadly, sometimes the hardest to convey and enforce. Be sure your students understand that this rule also applies on the bus, at bus stops and at school activities.

Free Essays on Battle Royal

Battle Royal by Ralph Ellison 1. Summarize the story. In the story â€Å"Battle Royal,† a young black boy is invited to deliver his graduation speech to some southern town’s prestigious white citizens. The story begins with the narrator receiving advice from his grandfather just before he dies. The narrator does not understand his grandfather’s advice and is left to ponder this advice alone. As the story progresses the narrator is invited to give his graduation speech to group of the community’s leading white citizens by his school superintendent, who was impressed by the speech. The narrator was excited for the opportunity and was eager to impress the other whites of the community. The narrator felt that this invitation was â€Å"a triumph for his whole community.† The narrator couldn’t have been more proud to deliver his speech again and he was driven to impress the other whites in the community. To his surprise, things didn’t go as exactly as he planned. Upon his arrival at the hotel, he was told since he was there he might as well participate in the entertainment, which was a boxing match between some other black schoolmates. The white men, whom he hoped would treat him with respect proceeded to humiliate him just as they did his black peers. The black boys are presented with a white exotic dancer. Many of the white men in the room force the boys to look at her while others threaten them when they do. The night progressed and brought more disgrace for the boys as they were blind folded and told to fight each other like wild animals. They continued to fight each other while the white men’s taunts and threats were all that they could hear. In the end, it came down to the narrator and another character as the only ones left in the ring. They were to finish the fight so a winner could be declared and claim the prize. The narrator could only think of the speech he was to deliver at the end of the night despite bei... Free Essays on Battle Royal Free Essays on Battle Royal Battle Royal by Ralph Ellison 1. Summarize the story. In the story â€Å"Battle Royal,† a young black boy is invited to deliver his graduation speech to some southern town’s prestigious white citizens. The story begins with the narrator receiving advice from his grandfather just before he dies. The narrator does not understand his grandfather’s advice and is left to ponder this advice alone. As the story progresses the narrator is invited to give his graduation speech to group of the community’s leading white citizens by his school superintendent, who was impressed by the speech. The narrator was excited for the opportunity and was eager to impress the other whites of the community. The narrator felt that this invitation was â€Å"a triumph for his whole community.† The narrator couldn’t have been more proud to deliver his speech again and he was driven to impress the other whites in the community. To his surprise, things didn’t go as exactly as he planned. Upon his arrival at the hotel, he was told since he was there he might as well participate in the entertainment, which was a boxing match between some other black schoolmates. The white men, whom he hoped would treat him with respect proceeded to humiliate him just as they did his black peers. The black boys are presented with a white exotic dancer. Many of the white men in the room force the boys to look at her while others threaten them when they do. The night progressed and brought more disgrace for the boys as they were blind folded and told to fight each other like wild animals. They continued to fight each other while the white men’s taunts and threats were all that they could hear. In the end, it came down to the narrator and another character as the only ones left in the ring. They were to finish the fight so a winner could be declared and claim the prize. The narrator could only think of the speech he was to deliver at the end of the night despite bei...